2024 Comprehensive Guide to Tactile Switches

Electrical switches are devices designed to control the flow of electric current, acting as gatekeepers that turn circuits on and off. These switches come in an extensive array of styles, sizes, and ratings, each suited to different functions, specifications, and footprints. Among these, tactile switches, also called tact switch, stand out as a particularly common type. But what exactly are tactile switches? Let's explore this topic and uncover the unique attributes of tactile switches.

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What is a Tactile Switch?

Like other mechanical switches, a tactile switch controls a circuit by manually applying pressure. These switches first appeared in the early 1980s, initially designed as membrane or screen-printed switches for keyboards and keypads.

However, due to their poor performance and lack of tactile feedback, they were not very popular. By the late 1980s, the introduction of a metal dome in their design significantly improved their feedback, actuation strength, and longevity. This evolution has made tactile switches one of the most prevalent switches in consumer and commercial applications today.

Difference between tact switch and other types

The key difference between tactile switches and other types is the perceptible “click” or tactile bump they provide when pressed, indicating successful operation. As momentary action devices, tactile switches only maintain the circuit connection while pressure is applied. Once the pressure is released, the switch returns to its default state, breaking the circuit.

Typically, tactile switches are normally open, meaning they close the circuit when pressed. However, there are also normally closed versions, where pressing the actuator opens the circuit and releasing it allows current to flow. Tactile switches are used in a wide variety of applications, from home electronics to industrial machinery. Common uses include buttons on TV remote controls, keyboards, and game controllers.

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Housing and Cover

The housing and cover serve as the outer protective structures guarding the internal mechanisms of the switch. Typically crafted from metal or plastic, these components ensure the stability and durability of the switch. Additionally, the cover may incorporate grounding terminals to mitigate the risk of electrostatic discharge.

Plunger

Positioned beneath the cover and above the contact dome, the plunger is responsible for pushing and bending the contact dome. The material and configuration of the plunger significantly influence the tactile sensation and sound produced by the switch.

Contact Dome

Featuring an arched shape, the contact dome is situated within the base and undergoes deflection or deformation when subjected to force. Upon making contact with the fixed contact embedded in the base, the contact dome generates a tactile and audible click. Subsequently, upon the removal of force, the contact dome reverts to its original shape, thereby interrupting the circuit. The material composition of the contact dome plays a crucial role in determining the tactile sensation and sound characteristics of the switch.

Base

Serving as the foundational support for other components, the base is typically positioned beneath the contact dome. It houses the terminals and contacts that establish connections to the Printed Circuit Board (PCB), facilitating integration into the circuit. Typically composed of molded resin, the base features dimensions and configurations conducive to PCB mounting.

Tactile Switches vs. Push Button Switches

Tactile switches and push button switches are two types of switches often confused due to their similar nature and function. However, there are distinct differences between them.

Features	Tactile Switch	Push Button Switch
Design & Mechanism	Utilizes membrane switch-type contacts	Uses traditional switch contact mechanisms
Operation	Allows current flow when the actuator is pressed and held; current stops when released	Allows current flow when the actuator is pressed and moves to a specified travel distance; current stops when pressed again
Feedback	Provides perceptible “click” or tactile feedback	Typically does not provide tactile or audible feedback unless specifically designed
Voltage & Current Ratings	Typically lower	Higher
Size	Smaller	Larger
Mounting	Typically mounted directly onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)	Can be mounted on panels or directly onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
Applications	Small electronic devices requiring user feedback, such as keyboards, remotes, game controllers	Widely used in applications requiring higher voltage and current, such as appliance switches and industrial control panels

Basic Structure of Tactile Switches

Tactile switches feature a straightforward yet efficient design that facilitates tactile feedback and input registration. The fundamental construction of a tactile switch typically comprises the following components:

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Tactile switch operating principle

The fundamental operation of a tactile switch revolves around a metal spring and two electrical contacts separated by a non-conductive material.

Below is a concise overview of its functioning:

Static Position: In its resting state, the metal spring maintains a gap between the movable contact and the fixed contact, thereby breaking the circuit and preventing the flow of current.
Applied Force: When the switch is pressed, an external force is exerted on the actuation point of the switch.
Spring Compression: Upon application of force, the metal spring undergoes compression, generating a reactive force in response to the pressure and producing resistance.
Activation Point: As the applied force reaches a critical threshold, the movable contact swiftly makes contact with the fixed contact, establishing a connection and closing the circuit.
Tactile Feedback: Tactile feedback is elicited at the instant the contact points converge, imparting a discernible sensation of collision or click to the fingers.
Keypress Registration: Upon circuit closure, the switch transmits an electrical signal to the connected device, registering the keystroke or button press.
Return to Static Position: Upon release of the button, the spring recoils to its initial position, causing the movable contact to disengage from the fixed contact and thereby break the circuit once more.

Varieties of Tactile Switches

Tactile switches come in diverse types, each tailored with specific designs and functionalities to address various application scenarios and demands. Here’s an overview of common types:

Shape: Tactile switches can assume circular, square, or rectangular forms, adaptable to different applications and design requisites.
Flush: Engineered for seamless integration with flat, level surfaces, devoid of protrusions.
Illuminated: Equipped with built-in LED lights that illuminate upon activation, offering visual cues or enhancing device aesthetics.
Micro/Mini: Compact iterations ideal for space-constrained applications, commonly found in compact electronics and keyboards.
Right Angle: Featuring terminals perpendicular to the switch body for PCB mounting purposes.
Long Travel: With extended key travel, these switches deliver pronounced tactile feedback, suitable for typing or key pressing.
5-way: Configured with multiple actuators, permitting activation in five directions (up, down, left, right, center), often utilized in game controllers.
Switch Arrays and Keypads: Arrays of tactile switches arranged in grids to form keyboards or control panels for user input across various electronic devices.

Switch Specifications

Selecting the appropriate tactile switch entails more than scrutinizing product spec sheets. Beyond standard features like instant actuation, low power consumption, and cost-effectiveness, the perceived tactile feel and auditory feedback of the switch significantly influence component selection.

These qualitative characteristics vary based on application nuances and design requisites, making them challenging to quantify. For instance, automotive applications may demand tactile switches with higher actuation forces to mitigate false activations caused by vehicular vibrations. Consequently, the optimal approach often involves determining the requisite characteristics through prototyping and testing.

Nonetheless, here are key specifications to consider when choosing a tactile switch:

Voltage Rating: Maximum voltage tolerance when open or closed.
Current Rating: Maximum current capacity (in amperes) before breakdown.
Activation Force: Force or pressure required to engage the actuator.
Deflection: Total travel distance when the switch is pressed.
Contact Force: Force needed for switch terminals to connect.
Actuator Height: Height of the actuator above the switch body.
Life Cycle Range: Expected operational lifespan under standard conditions.
Temperature Range: Operating temperature limits.
Mounting Method: PCB attachment technique, such as through-hole or surface mounting.
IP Rating: Protection level against dust and liquid ingress.

How to Wire a tact switch

Tactile switches typically feature four pins, organized into two groups. These pins ensure stability during PCB mounting. While technically only two pins are necessary for connection, it’s advisable to utilize all four, considering their internal interconnections. Additionally, there are tactile switch variants with just two pins, along with five-pin versions tailored for compact packaging, facilitating joystick-like control.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tactile Switches

Tactile switches offer notable benefits in providing tactile feedback and durability.

However, they also present certain limitations in terms of current handling capacity, mechanical wear, installation complexity, and acoustic interference.

When selecting a tactile switch, it’s crucial to thoroughly weigh these advantages and disadvantages to adequately address the requirements of the specific application.

Pros	Cons
Tactile feedback: Provides clear tactile and auditory feedback to prevent misoperation. Durability: long life, simple structure and high reliability. Diversity: Suitable for a variety of shapes and functional requirements. Low power consumption: suitable for low power consumption devices, energy saving. Cost-effectiveness: Low production cost, economical and affordable.	Limited current and voltage handling capabilities: not suitable for high-power devices. Mechanical wear: Frequent use will cause wear. Installation complexity: Precision installation requires high precision. Sound disturbance: The clicking sound may become a noise in some environments. Momentary action limitation: limited to momentary operation mode.

Tactile Switche Applications

Tactile switches, characterized by their small size, low profile, and extended lifespan, find diverse applications across various industries.

Here are some typical scenarios:

Keyboards and Keypads: Enhance typing experiences with clear key feedback.
Remote Controls: Improve user interaction with functions like channel switching and volume adjustment.
Game Controllers: Ensure rapid response times in intense gaming environments.
Telephones: Provide reliable input methods for buttons and function controls.
Safety Electronics: Ensure reliable operation during critical moments with control buttons in alarm systems.

Toys: Offer durability and ease of operation, suitable for frequent use by children.
Instruments: Facilitate note and function selection in electronic instruments for seamless performance.
Laptops: Deliver reliability for long-term use with power buttons and function keys.
Appliances: Enable durable and straightforward operation for control panels in devices like microwave ovens and washing machines.

Industrial Control: Provide durable and dependable operation in factory and production line control panels.
Electrical and Electronic Instruments: Facilitate precise operation with control buttons for various instruments.
Portable Devices: Offer lightweight and durable solutions for devices like MP3 players and handheld gaming consoles.
Medical Equipment: Ensure high reliability and longevity in medical equipment applications.

Moreover, tactile switches exhibit significant potential in emerging applications, including:

Wearable Technology: Enhance user input reliability in devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers.

Smart Bulletproof Vests: Integrate tactile switches into protective equipment to achieve control and feedback functionalities.

Law Enforcement Recorders: Ensure reliable equipment operation during critical moments with tactile switch button controls.

Tactile Switch FAQ

There are some common problems that may occur when using a tactile switch. The following are answers to common questions about tactile switches to help users better understand and use this type of switch.

Are Tactile Switches Loud?

Tactile switches produce a moderate level of noise, louder than linear switches but quieter than clicky switches.

What is the Protection Level (IP Rating) of a Tactile Switch?

The IP rating indicates a switch’s protection against solid particles and liquids. For instance, IP67 signifies complete dustproofing and the ability to withstand immersion in water up to 1 meter for 30 minutes. Choose based on the usage environment.

What is the Lifespan of a Tactile Switch?

The lifespan of a tactile switch typically ranges from 100,000 to 5 million presses, contingent upon design and environmental factors. High-quality switches can endure longer under normal operating conditions.

How to Choose a Suitable Tactile Switch?

Consider the following factors:

Voltage and current rating: Ensure compatibility with device power demands.
Activation force: Select based on user habits and application environment.
Size and shape: Match switch dimensions to equipment design.
Mounting method: Determine whether surface mount or through-hole mount is required.
Environmental requirements: Consider temperature range, IP protection level, etc.

Why is My Tactile Switch Not Working?

Potential reasons include:

Poor contact: Worn or oxidized internal contacts.
Mechanical failure: Damage to springs or mechanical parts.
Installation issues: Improperly soldered pins or contact with the PCB.
Environmental influences: Moisture, dust, or temperature fluctuations affecting switch performance.

What is the Pin Configuration of a Tactile Switch?

Tactile switches typically have 2, 4, or 5 pins. The 4-pin configuration, with two pairs of connected pins, is most common. The 5-pin setup is used in applications requiring directional control, like joysticks.

How to Solder a Tactile Switch Correctly?

Follow these guidelines:

Temperature control: Maintain welding temperature within the appropriate range.
Soldering time: Limit soldering time for each pin to 2-3 seconds.
Pin preparation: Ensure pins are clean and oxide-free for optimal contact.
Check connections: Verify all pins are securely soldered to prevent cold solder joints.

Can Tactile Switches Function in Extreme Temperatures?

Most tactile switches operate within a temperature range of -20°C to +70°C. For specialized environments, select switches with wider temperature range specifications.

What is the “Activation Force” of a Tactile Switch?

Activation force, measured in grams-force (gf), is the force needed to depress a tactile switch. Different applications have varied activation force requirements; for example, keyboards typically require less force than industrial switches.

How to Test Tactile Switch Performance?

Testing methods include:

Mechanical testing: Assess operating force, travel distance, and lifespan.
Electrical testing: Verify rated voltage and current compliance.
Environmental testing: Evaluate switch performance under different temperature, humidity, dust, and water resistance conditions.

In conclusion

Tactile switches are a wise choice for products that require low power consumption, instantaneous action power control or data input, and tactile and audible feedback. BITUOELEC offers a variety of tactile switches with compact packages, various actuator heights and configuration options to meet different application requirements. By choosing the right tactile switch, the operating experience and reliability of the product can be significantly improved.